Evaluasi Faktor Risiko, Strategi Penyelesaian, dan Efektivitas Penanganan Kredit Bermasalah pada PT Bank X

Abstract

Abstract—This study aims to evaluate the risk factors leading to non-performing loans (NPLs) and to analyze the resolution strategies implemented by PT Bank X, as well as their effectiveness in maintaining loan portfolio quality. The study employs a qualitative approach using an exploratory case study method. Data collection was conducted through observation, semi-structured interviews with management and relevant stakeholders, and a review of financial statements, credit policies, and other supporting documents. Data analysis involved data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing, and triangulation to ensure the validity of the findings. The results indicate that the causes of NPLs stem from a combination of internal factors—such as weaknesses in creditworthiness analysis, limited post-disbursement monitoring, human resource quality issues, and suboptimal risk management systems—and external factors, including economic instability, fluctuations in borrower income, low financial literacy, and changing business conditions, particularly within the MSME sector. Resolution strategies implemented include loan restructuring, persuasive communication with borrowers, business guidance, strengthened monitoring systems, the implementation of early warning systems, and the use of technology in credit management. These strategies proved effective in maintaining NPL ratio stability and improving loan portfolio quality; however, further strengthening is required in areas such as data-driven credit analysis, human resource competency, information technology optimization, and risk governance and oversight to ensure that NPL management becomes more adaptive, effective, and sustainable.