Meta-Analisis Efek Religiusitas dalam Menekan Ketidakjujuran Akademik pada Peserta Didik di Indonesia

Abstract

Academic dishonesty remains a persistent problem at various levels of education in Indonesia. Although religiosity is theoretically believed to be a strong moral protective factor, empirical evidence from various primary studies shows inconsistent results and effect sizes. The study design consists of a quantitative systematic review using a meta-analysis approach in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A total of 10 primary studies (publication period 2021–2026) with varying cumulative sample sizes were synthesized using a random-effects model. Effect size was measured using the correlation coefficient (r). The findings indicate a significant negative combined effect with a moderate effect size (r = −0.301; z = −6.23; p < 0.001; 95% CI [−0.396; −0.206]). These results confirm that the higher the religiosity, the lower the academic dishonesty, although religiosity explains only about 9% (r = 0.09) of the variance in academic dishonesty. Heterogeneity across studies was found to be significant and high (I² ≈ 85.4%; Q(9) = 61.81; p < 0.001). The Bausch plot identified that the primary source of heterogeneity stemmed from extreme study variability, such as in Yusup & Halimah (2025) and Heryadi et al. (2024). No evidence of fatal publication bias was found via the residual funnel plot. Religiosity has been shown to be a valid protective factor against academic dishonesty in Indonesia. However, its effectiveness depends heavily on the personal internalization of the dimensions of religiosity (private practices and ideology) rather than merely participation in public rituals or intellectual knowledge alone.